Participle clauses help you shorten your sentences and sound more natural. They act like short clauses and give extra information about the subject (the person or thing the sentence is about).
Use an -ing clause when the subject performs the action. It often means “while,” “because,” or gives background.
Important: The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause.
Use an -ed clause when the subject receives the action. This works with regular and irregular past participles.
Use the perfect participle (having + past participle) to show that one action happened before another.
This structure works like a participle clause and adds background information.
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